文章导航
内容
- 查找数据的查询
- 修改数据的查询
- 聚合查询
- 连接查询
- 视图查询
- 修改表的查询
https://github.com/enochtangg/quick-SQL-cheatsheet/edit/master/README_zh-hans.md
1. 查找数据的查询
SELECT: 用于从数据库中选择数据
SELECT
* FROM
table_name;
DISTINCT: 用于过滤掉重复的值并返回指定列的行
SELECT DISTINCT
column_name;
WHERE: 用于过滤记录/行
SELECT
column1, column2 FROM
table_name WHERE
condition;
SELECT
* FROM
table_name WHERE
condition1 AND
condition2;
SELECT
* FROM
table_name WHERE
condition1 OR
condition2;
SELECT
* FROM
table_name WHERE NOT
condition;
SELECT
* FROM
table_name WHERE
condition1 AND
(condition2 OR
condition3);
SELECT
* FROM
table_name WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT
column_name FROM
table_name WHERE
condition);
ORDER BY: 用于结果集的排序,升序(ASC)或者降序(DESC)
SELECT
* FROM
table_name ORDER BY
column;
SELECT
* FROM
table_name ORDER BY
column DESC
;
SELECT
* FROM
table_name ORDER BY
column1 ASC
, column2 DESC
;
SELECT TOP: 用于指定从表顶部返回的记录数
SELECT TOP
number columns_names FROM
table_name WHERE
condition;
SELECT TOP
percent columns_names FROM
table_name WHERE
condition;
- 并非所有数据库系统都支持
SELECT TOP
。 MySQL 中是LIMIT
子句
SELECT
column_names FROM
table_name LIMIT
offset, count;
LIKE: 用于搜索列中的特定模式,WHERE 子句中使用的运算符
- % (percent sign) 是一个表示零个,一个或多个字符的通配符
- _ (underscore) 是一个表示单个字符通配符
SELECT
column_names FROM
table_name WHERE
column_name LIKE
pattern;
LIKE
‘a%’ (查找任何以“a”开头的值)
LIKE
‘%a’ (查找任何以“a”结尾的值)
LIKE
‘%or%’ (查找任何包含“or”的值)
LIKE
‘_r%’ (查找任何第二位是“r”的值)
LIKE
‘a_%_%’ (查找任何以“a”开头且长度至少为3的值)
LIKE
‘[a-c]%’(查找任何以“a”或“b”或“c”开头的值)
IN: 用于在 WHERE 子句中指定多个值的运算符
- 本质上,IN运算符是多个OR条件的简写
SELECT
column_names FROM
table_name WHERE
column_name IN
(value1, value2, …);
SELECT
column_names FROM
table_name WHERE
column_name IN
(SELECT STATEMENT
);
BETWEEN: 用于过滤给定范围的值的运算符
SELECT
column_names FROM
table_name WHERE
column_name BETWEEN
value1 AND
value2;
SELECT
* FROM
Products WHERE
(column_name BETWEEN
value1 AND
value2) AND NOT
column_name2 IN
(value3, value4);
SELECT
* FROM
Products WHERE
column_name BETWEEN
#01/07/1999# AND #03/12/1999#;
NULL: 代表一个字段没有值
SELECT
* FROM
table_name WHERE
column_name IS NULL
;
SELECT
* FROM
table_name WHERE
column_name IS NOT NULL
;
AS: 用于给表或者列分配别名
SELECT
column_name AS
alias_name FROM
table_name;
SELECT
column_name FROM
table_name AS
alias_name;
SELECT
column_name AS
alias_name1, column_name2 AS
alias_name2;
SELECT
column_name1, column_name2 + ‘, ‘ + column_name3 AS
alias_name;
UNION: 用于组合两个或者多个 SELECT 语句的结果集的运算符
- 每个 SELECT 语句必须拥有相同的列数
- 列必须拥有相似的数据类型
- 每个 SELECT 语句中的列也必须具有相同的顺序
SELECT
columns_names FROM
table1 UNION SELECT
column_name FROM
table2;
UNION
仅允许选择不同的值, UNION ALL
允许重复
ANY|ALL: 用于检查 WHERE 或 HAVING 子句中使用的子查询条件的运算符
ANY
如果任何子查询值满足条件,则返回 true。
ALL
如果任何子查询值满足条件,则返回 true。
SELECT
columns_names FROM
table1 WHERE
column_name operator (ANY
|ALL
) (SELECT
column_name FROM
table_name WHERE
condition);
GROUP BY: 通常与聚合函数(COUNT,MAX,MIN,SUM,AVG)一起使用,用于将结果集分组为一列或多列
SELECT
column_name1, COUNT(column_name2) FROM
table_name WHERE
condition GROUP BY
column_name1 ORDER BY
COUNT(column_name2) DESC;
HAVING: HAVING 子句指定 SELECT 语句应仅返回聚合值满足指定条件的行。它被添加到 SQL 语言中,因为WHERE关键字不能与聚合函数一起使用。
SELECT
COUNT
(column_name1), column_name2 FROM
table GROUP BY
column_name2 HAVING
COUNT(
column_name1)
> 5;
2. 修改数据的查询
INSERT INTO: 用于在表中插入新记录/行
INSERT INTO
table_name (column1, column2) VALUES
(value1, value2);
INSERT INTO
table_name VALUES
(value1, value2 …);
UPDATE: 用于修改表中的现有记录/行
UPDATE
table_name SET
column1 = value1, column2 = value2 WHERE
condition;
UPDATE
table_name SET
column_name = value;
DELETE: 用于删除表中的现有记录/行
DELETE FROM
table_name WHERE
condition;
DELETE
* FROM
table_name;
3. 聚合查询
COUNT: 返回出现次数
SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT
column_name)
;
MIN() and MAX(): 返回所选列的最小/最大值
SELECT MIN (
column_names) FROM
table_name WHERE
condition;
SELECT MAX (
column_names) FROM
table_name WHERE
condition;
AVG(): 返回数字列的平均值
SELECT AVG (
column_name) FROM
table_name WHERE
condition;
SUM(): 返回数值列的总和
SELECT SUM (
column_name) FROM
table_name WHERE
condition;
4. 连接查询
INNER JOIN: 内连接,返回在两张表中具有匹配值的记录
SELECT
column_names FROM
table1 INNER JOIN
table2 ON
table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
SELECT
table1.column_name1, table2.column_name2, table3.column_name3 FROM
((table1 INNER JOIN
table2 ON
relationship) INNER JOIN
table3 ON
relationship);
LEFT (OUTER) JOIN: 左外连接,返回左表(table1)中的所有记录,以及右表中的匹配记录(table2)
SELECT
column_names FROM
table1 LEFT JOIN
table2 ON
table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN: 右外连接,返回右表(table2)中的所有记录,以及左表(table1)中匹配的记录
SELECT
column_names FROM
table1 RIGHT JOIN
table2 ON
table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
FULL (OUTER) JOIN: 全外连接,全连接是左右外连接的并集. 连接表包含被连接的表的所有记录, 如果缺少匹配的记录, 以 NULL 填充。
SELECT
column_names FROM
table1 FULL OUTER JOIN
table2 ON
table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
Self JOIN: 自连接,表自身连接
SELECT
column_names FROM
table1 T1, table1 T2 WHERE
condition;
5. 视图查询
CREATE: 创建视图
CREATE VIEW
view_name AS SELECT
column1, column2 FROM
table_name WHERE
condition;
SELECT: 检索视图
DROP: 删除视图
6. 修改表的查询
ADD: 添加字段
ALTER TABLE
table_name ADD
column_name column_definition;
MODIFY: 修改字段数据类型
ALTER TABLE
table_name MODIFY
column_name column_type;
DROP: 删除字段
ALTER TABLE
table_name DROP COLUMN
column_name;